U.S. Andean Regional Security Policy
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Official U.S. Policy: Websites
Research and Analysis


Official U.S. Policy: Websites
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Andean Regional Initiative (ARI) (English) (Español)
U.S. Department of State fact sheet regarding approval of President Bush's 2002 budget for assistance in the Andean region, and 2001 & 2002 reports. Página del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos que contiene artículos, transcripciones, y links de interés relacionados con la política exterior de Estados Unidos hacia la region andina.

Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) (English) (Español)
U.S. Department of State fact sheet regarding approval of President Bush's 2005 budget for assistance in the Andean region. Página del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos que contiene artículos, transcripciones, y links de interés recientes, relacionados con la política exterior de Estados Unidos hacia la region andina.

COLOMBIANWAR.ORG: History of the Colombian Civil War
Online study based on historical research of documents and reports primarily from the U.S. State Department and readily available through the U.S. National archives. Site includes a detailed history of the Colombian conflict from 1928-1973 and information regarding the War on Drugs and Human Rights in Colombia from 1993-2002.

Committee of Hemispheric Security of the OAS (English) (Español)
Committee of the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States whose goal is to deal with issues related with hemispheric security. Comité del Consejo Permanente de La Organización de Estados Americanos encargado de tratar temas relacionados con temas de seguridad hemisférica.

Office of National Drug Control Policy: International
Provides information on US anti-drug policy toward Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Mexico and The Caribbean.

The Center for International Policy
This center was founded in 1975 by former diplomats and peace activists. It provides selected documentation by several US Agencies on Colombia, drug trafficking, Plan Colombia and other related issues. In addition, it presents the section: Just the Facts: A Civilian's Guide to US Defense and Security Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean, with funding information classified by country and program, as well as related links. It also provides a special section on the US Southern Command.

U.S. Department of Defense Directorate for Information Operations and Reports Statistical Information Analysis Division
Official Department of Defense site containing statistical information on worldwide deployment of U.S. military and DoD civilian personnel. Includes spreadsheets in excel and pdf format on personnel deployment information by regional area and country from 1950-2003 and selected work force publications.

U.S. Department of State: International Information Programs (Andean Region) (English)
(Español)
Includes recent news releases, key reports and fact sheets on relations between the United States and countires in the Andean Region. Página web de caracter oficial que contiene información y noticias recientes sobre la Regiona Andina y Sudamerica.

U.S. Department of State: International Information Programs (Peru)
Includes news releases, key reports and fact sheets on relations between the United States and Peru.

U.S. Department of State: International Information Programs: Plan Colombia (English) (Español)
Official website with information and news regarding Plan Colombia. Página web de caracter oficial que contiene información y noticias sobre el Plan Colombia.

U.S. Department of State: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (South America)
The 2006 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report is an annual report by the Department of State to Congress describing the efforts to attack all aspects of the international drug trade in Calendar Year 2005.

U.S. Department of State: Support for Plan Colombia
Fact sheets and pertinent press releases updated to 2003.

U.S. Embassy in Bolivia (English) (Español)
Official site of the U.S. Embassy in Bolivia, includes press releases, reports, publications and information on bilateral issues.

U.S. Embassy in Colombia (English) (Español)
Official site of the U.S. Embassy in Colombia, includes news and information on both bilateral and global issues.

U.S. Embassy in Ecuador (English) (Español)
Official site of the U.S. Embassy in Ecuador, includes news releases, links to documents and Washington archives.

U.S. Embassy in Peru (English) (Español)
Official site of the U.S. Embassy in Peru, includes current events information, news, policy issues, counternarcotics strategy, mass media and publications.

U.S. Embassy in Venezuela (English) (Español)
Official site of the U.S. Embassy in Venezuela, provides information on current issues, including terrorism, Plan Colombia, U.S. policy and Virtual Presence Posts.

U.S. Institute for Peace: Colombia Web Links
Below are links by topical categories to resources primarily in English providing information on Colombia, the peace process in Colombia and U.S. foreign policy on Colombia.

U.S. Southern Command
The United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) is the unified command responsible for all U.S. military activities on the land mass of Latin America south of Mexico. The command's mission is to conduct military operations and promote security cooperation to achieve U.S. strategic objectives.

U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
It is responsible for managing and promoting U.S. interests in the region by supporting democracy, trade, and sustainable economic development, and fostering cooperation on issues such as drug trafficking and crime, poverty reduction, and environmental protection.

U.S. Department of State Remarks on Colombia
Provides remarks and press releases regarding anti-narcotics issues in the U.S. by the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs.

USAID: Latin America & the Caribbean (English) (Español)
USAID is an independent federal government agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State. Its work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives. La Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) es la agencia federal independiente responsable de planificar y administrar la asistencia económica y humanitaria exterior de los Estados Unidos en todo el mundo.

USAID: Transition Initiatives
The USAID Office of Transition Initiatives supports U.S. foreign policy objectives by helping local partners advance peace and democracy in priority countries in crisis. Seizing critical windows of opportunity, OTI works on the ground to provide fast, flexible, short-term assistance targeted at key political transition and stabilization needs.

US Government Agencies
Webpage of Lehman Social Sciences Library with links to US Government Agencies related with defense and homeland security, as well as relevant reports.

U.S. Official Statements Events in Venezuela (English) (Español)
Provides links to official statements dating from 2002 to 2006.

Research and Analysis
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Articles and Book Chapters
Books and Monographs
Other References
Documents

Articles, Book Chapters, Reports
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Ahumada Beltrán, Consuelo and Álvaro Moreno Duran. "Petróleo, Conflicto y
Fronteras en la Región Andina en el Marco del Hegemonismo Norteamericano," in Consuelo Ahumada Beltrán and Telma Angarita, (eds.), Conflicto y Fronteras en la Región Andina, Observatorio Andino, Bogotá, Colombia (2004): 39-70.

Avilés, William. "The Democratic-Peace Thesis and U.S. Relations with Colombia and Venezuela," Latin American Perspectives, 32 (2005): 33-59.
Available at (16-8-2006): http://lap.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/3/33.pdf

Bagley, Bruce. "Drug Trafficking, Political Violence, and U.S. Policy in Colombia in the 1990's," University of Miami, Coral Gables, (January 5, 2003). También disponible en Español: "Narcotráfico, Violencia Política y Política Exterior de Estados Unidos hacia Colombia en los Noventa," Colombia Internacional, 49-50 (Febrero, 2001): 5-38.
Available in English at (16-8-2006): http://www.mamacoca.org/junio2001/bagley_drugs_and_violence_en.htm
Disponible en Español en (16-8-2006): http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/colinter/bagley.htm

Barreda Marín, Andrés. "Los Peligros del Plan Puebla Panamá," in Mesoamérica, los Ríos Profundos: Alternativas Plebeyas al Plan Puebla Panamá, Instituto Maya, México (2001): 133-201.
Available at (1-14-2004): http://www.visionesalternativas.com/militarizacion/articulos/ppp/peligrosppp_andres_bar
reda.pdf

Barreiro, Catalina S. "La Agenda de Política Exterior Ecuador-Estados Unidos," in Adrián Bonilla, (ed.), Orfeo en el Infierno. Una Agenda de Política Exterior Ecuatoriana, (Enero, 2002): 231-329.
Available at (1-17-2005): http://www.flacso.org.ec/docs/sfoibarreiro.pdf

Benítez Manaut, Raúl. "Avances y Límites de la Seguridad Hemisférica a Inicios del Siglo XXI," Estudios Político Militares, 2, 4 (Segundo Semestre, 2002): 5-24.
Available at (1-12-2005): http://www.cee-chile.org/publicaciones/revista/rev04/re04-1.pdf

Bitencourt, Luis. "Security Issues and Challenges to Regional Security Cooperation: A Brazilian Perspective," in Shaping the Regional Security Environment in Latin America. Perspectives from Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (July, 2003): 13-33.

Bonilla, Adrián. "Una Agenda de Seguridad Andina," in Rosas, María Cristina, (coord.), Seguridad Hemisférica: Un Largo y Sinuoso Camino, UNAM/CEDH, México (2003).

Calle, Fabián and Khatchik DerGhoukassian. "El Guardián del Mundo Unipolar y sus Críticos. La Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de Estados Unidos y la Construcción del Espacio Alternativo," Colección, 9, 14. Pags: 65-97.
Available at (1-12-2005): http://www2.uca.edu.ar/esp/sec-fpoliticas/esp/docs-publicaciones/coleccion/n14/03-calle.pdf

Cardona, Diego, Ivonne Duarte and Nathaly Jiménez. "La Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de Estados Unidos en la Administración Bush: Una Lectura desde América Latina," in Diego Cardona, Bernard Labatut, Stephanie Lavaux and Ruben Sánchez, (eds.), Encrucijadas de la Seguridad en Europa y las Américas, Centro de Estudios Políticos e Internacionales (CEPI), Bogotá, Colombia (2004 ): 193-243.

Clement, Christopher I. "Confronting Hugo Chávez: United States "Democracy Promotion" Latin American Perspectives, 32 (2005): 60-78.
Available at (16-8-2006): http://lap.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/3/60.pdf

Claudio, Arnaldo. "United States-Colombia Extradition Treaty: Failure of a Security Strategy," Military Review, 71, 12, (December 1991): 69-77.

Coy, Franisco. "Injerencia Reciente y Desnarcotización Fallida: Las Relaciones Colombia - Estados Unidos desde el Fin de la Guerra Fría," Desafíos, 9 (2003): 165-192.

Crandall, Russell. "Introduction: The Pursuit of Stability in the Andes," in Russell Crandall, Guadalupe Paz and Riordan Roett, (eds.), The Andes in Focus. Security, Democracy and Economic Reform, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, USA (2005): 1-10.

Crandall, Russell. "From Drugs to Security: A New U.S. Policy toward Colombia," in Russell Crandall, Guadalupe Paz and Riordan Roett, (eds), The Andes in Focus. Security, Democracy and Economic Reform, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, USA (2005): 173-190.

Crandall, Russell and Akilah Jenga. "New Complications in the Andes," Strategic Survey, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London (2004): 84-99.

Crandall, Russell. "Explicit Narcotization: U.S. Policy Towards Colombia During the Samper Administration," Latin American Politics and Society, 43, 3 (2001): 95-120.

Cubides Díaz, Ana María. "El Impacto de los Atentados del 11 de Septiembre en la Política Exterior de Estados Unidos hacia la Región Andina," in Consuelo Ahumada Beltrán and Telma Angarita, (eds.), Las Políticas de Seguridad y sus Implicaciones para la Región Andina, Observatorio Andino, Bogotá, Colombia (2005): 35-73.

Fescol, [et al]. "Seguridad Regional Andina y Escenarios Posibles," Bogota, Colombia (Abril, 2004).
Available at (1-18-2006): http://www.fescol.org.co/Doc%20PDF/Policypaperverde-1.pdf

Fitch, J. Samuel. "The Decline of US Military Influence in Latin America," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 35, 2 (Summer, 1993): 1-49.

Franco, Andrés. "La Cooperación Fragmentada como una Nueva Forma de Diplomacia: Las Relaciones entre Colombia y Estados Unidos en los Noventa," in Estados Unidos y los Países Andinos, 1993-1997. Poder y Desintegración, Andrés Franco, ed., CEJA, Bogotá (1998): 37-80.

Fuentes, Claudio and Rojas Aravena, Francisco. "El Patio Trasero. Estados Unidos y América Latina Pos-Irak," Nueva Sociedad, 185 (2003): 64-82.
Available at (1-18-2005): http://www.flacso.cl/flacso/biblos.php?code=519

García, Andelfo. "¿Cómo se Diseña la Política Exterior de los Estados Unidos frente a Colombia?," Oasis 2002, (2002): 113-134.

Gutiérrez P., Carlos. "Los Primeros Efectos en América Latina luego del 11 de Septiembre de Estados Unidos," Estudios Político Militares, 2, 3 (primer semestre, 2002): 5-18.
Available at (1-12-2005): http://www.cee-chile.org/publicaciones/revista/rev03/rev03-1.pdf

Hesselroth, Alba. "Struggles of Security in US Foreign Drug Policy towards Andean Countries," Peace, Conflict & Development, 5 (July, 2004).
Available at (5-3-2005): http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/docs/StrugglesofSecurity.PDF

Hirst, Mónica. "Seguridad Regional en las Américas," in Wolf Grabendorff, (ed.), La Seguridad Regional en las Américas, Enfoques Críticos y Conceptos Alternativos, Fescol, Bogotá, Colombia (2003): 25-80.

Isacson, Adam. "Closing the "Seams": US Security Policy in the Americas," Nacla Report on the Americas, 38, 6 (May-June, 2005).
Available at (16-8-2006): www.colombiainternacional.org/Doc%20PDF/EU-SECURITYPOLICYINTHEAMERICAS.pdf

Isacson, Adam. "Optimism, Pessimism, and Terrorism: The United States and Colombia in 2003," Brown University Journal of International Affairs, 10, 2 (Winter-Spring, 2004): 245-255.
Available at (9-23-2004): http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive/10.2/Essays/Isacson.pdf

Isacson, Adam. "Washington's 'New War' in Colombia," NACLA Report on the Americas, 36, 5, (2003).

Isacson, Adam. "La Asistencia Estadounidense a la Seguridad en los Países de la Región Andina, 2000-2001," Revista Colombia Internacional, 49-50, (Mayo-Diciembre, 2000).

Katz-Stone, Adam. "Coast Guard Steps Up Drug War in Gulf," Navy Times, 46, 20 (April 21, 1997).

Mantilla, Silvia Cristina and Fernando White Núñez. "La Nueva Doctrina de Bush y sus Implicaciones en la Región Andina," in Consuelo Ahumada Beltrán and Telma Angarita, (eds.), Las Políticas de Seguridad y sus Implicaciones para la Región Andina, Observatorio Andino, Bogotá, Colombia (2005): 1-34.

Medina Uribe, Henry. "Ideas from Constructing a new Framework of Hemispheric Security," in Shaping the Regional Security Environment in Latin America. Perspectives from Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (July, 2003): 35-42.

Montalvo, Samia. "Paramilitaries, Drug Trafficking, and U.S. Policy in Colombia," Dollar & Sense, 230 (July, 2000): 9-11.
Available at (16-8-2006): http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/South_America/Paramilitaries_Colombia.html

Nacla. "War on Terror, Target: Americas," Nacla Report on the Americas, 38, 6 (May-June, 2005).

Petro Urrego, Gustavo. "Plan Colombia y Seguridad Regional," in Consuelo Ahumada Beltrán and Telma Angarita, (eds.), Las Políticas de Seguridad y sus Implicaciones para la Región Andina, Observatorio Andino, Bogotá, Colombia (2005): 137-146.

Rabasa, Angel and Peter Chalk. "Implications for U.S. Interests," in Angel Rabasa and Peter Chalk, Colombian Labyrinth: The Synergy of Drugs and Insurgency and Its Implications for Regional Stability, Rand, Santa Monica, USA (2001): 93-99.
Available at (10-5-2005): http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1339/MR1339.ch10.pdf

Randall, Stephen J. "El Problema de la Seguridad en las Relaciones Colombia-Estados Unidos: Perspectivas en Transición," in Diego Cardona, Bernard Labatut, Stephanie Lavaux and Ruben Sánchez, (eds.), Encrucijadas de la Seguridad en Europa y las Américas, Centro de Estudios Políticos e Internacionales (CEPI), Bogotá, Colombia (2004 ): 245-271.

Roett, Riordan. "Conclusion: The Andean Crisis in Context," in Russell Crandall, Guadalupe Paz and Riordan Roett, (eds.), The Andes in Focus. Security, Democracy and Economic Reform, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, USA (2005): 191-200.

Roskin, Michael G. "Crime and Politics in Colombia: Considerations for US Involvement," Parameters (Winter 2001-2002): 126-134.
Available at (6-14-2003): http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01winter/roskin.htm

Saavedra, Mauricio. "Washington Intensifica Presencia Militar en Latinoamérica," WSWS, (Enero 31, 2003).
Available at (1-14-2004): http://www.wsws.org/es/articles/2003/ene2003/mili-j31.shtml

Schwartz, Elisabeth F. "Getting away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of The United States," The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 27, (Winter, 1995-1996).

Serafino, Nina M. "Colombia: Summary and Tables on U.S. Assistance, FY1989-FY2003," in Albert Tavidze, (ed.), Andean Regional Initiative, Nova Science Publishers, New York (2004): 69-75 (Originally published as a section of Congressional Research Service Report 21213 in Washington D.C.).

Shohov, Tatiana, (ed). "What is the Andean Regional Initiative?" in Albert Tavidze, (ed.), Andean Regional Initiative, Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA (2004).

Soberón Garrido, Ricardo. "La Situación de las Áreas de Frontera de Colombia y su Seguimiento," Aldea Mundo, 7, 13 (Mayo-Octubre, 2002): 86-87.
Available at (1-20-2005):
http://www.saber.ula.ve/db/ssaber/Edocs/pubelectronicas/aldeamundo/ano7num13/analisi
s_am_n13.pdf

Stokes, Doug. "Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: The U.S. War of Terror in Colombia," Review of International Studies, 29, 4, (October 2003): 569-585.
Available at (16-8-2006): http://www.aqnt98.dsl.pipex.com/choms.htm

Tate, Winifred. "Into the Andean Quagmire: Bush II Keeps Up March to Militarization," NACLA Report on the Americas, 35, 3 (November/December, 2001) 45-49.

Tate, Winfred. "Repeating Past Mistakes: Aiding Counterinsurgency in Colombia," Nacla Report on the Americas, 34, 2 (2000): 16-19.

Tokatlian, Juan Gabriel. "La Proyección Militar de Estados Unidos en la Region," Le Monde Diplomatique, 6, 66 (Diciembre, 2004): 9-10.

Valenzuela, Arturo. "Beyond Benign Neglect: Washington and Latin America," Current History, 104, 679 (February, 2005): 58-63.

Villagra Delgado, Pedro. "Hemispheric Security: A Perception from the South," in Shaping the Regional Security Environment in Latin America. Perspectives from Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (July, 2003): 1-11.

Williams, Marc Eric "U.S. Policy in the Andes: Commitments and Commitment Traps," in Russell Crandall, Guadalupe Paz and Riordan Roett, (eds.), The Andes in Focus. Security, Democracy and Economic Reform, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, USA (2005): 151-172.

Youngers, Coletta, John Walsh, Hugo Cabieses, Gustavo Gorriti, Fernando Rospigliosi, Ramiro Escobar. "Drogas y Democracia en América Latina: El Impacto de la Política de Estados Unidos," Ideele, 174 (Diciembre, 2005): 105-107.
Available at (3-6-2006): http://www.idl.org.pe/idlrev/revistas/174/Bloque%20Internacional.pdf

Youngers, Coletta. "Para Entender la Política de los Estados Unidos Hacia el Perú," Ideele, 124 (Diciembre, 1999): 106-109.
Available at (2-16-2005): http://www.idl.org.pe/idlrev/revistas/124/pag106.htm

Youngers, Coletta and Peter Zirnite. "Their Own Worst Enemy: Washington's War on Drugs in Latin America," in Martin Jelsma and Theo Ronken, (eds.), Democracies Under Fire: Drugs and Power in Latin America, Transnational Institute-Ediciones Brecha-Acción Andina, Montevideo, Uruguay (1998).

Books and Monographs
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Ahumada Beltrán, Consuelo and Telma Angarita, (eds.). Las Políticas de Seguridad y sus Implicaciones para la Región Andina, Observatorio Andino, Bogotá, Colombia, 2005.

Ardila, Martha, et al. La Seguridad Regional en las Américas: Enfoques Críticos y Conceptos Alternativos, CEREC, Bogotá, Colombia, 2003.

Auza Guzmán, Johnny. Exilio "At Home"; El Poder Corruptivo del Narcotráfico en Círculos Oficiales en Bolivia, CEDIB, Acción Andina, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2000.

Cardona, Diego, Bernard Labatut, Stephanie Lavaux and Ruben Sánchez, (eds.). Encrucijadas de la Seguridad en Europa y las Américas, Centro de Estudios Políticos e Internacionales (CEPI), Bogotá, Colombia, 2004.

Carrera, Álvaro. La Quinta Columna: La Actividad Encubierta de la CIA en el Amazonas a través de la Fachada de las "Nuevas Tribus", Puerto Ayacucho, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, 1988.

Castro Contreras, Jaime. Geopolítica y Seguridad: Bases para una Política de Defensa Nacional y Seguridad Hemisférica, Perú: [s.n.], 2002.

Comisión Andina de Juristas. Crisis del Estado en los Andes, CAJ, Lima, Peru, 2006.

Crandall, Russell, Guadalupe Paz and Riordan Roett, (eds.). The Andes in Focus: Security, Democracy, & Economic Reform, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2005.

Crandall, Russell. Driven by Drugs: U.S. Policy Toward Colombia, Lynne Riener Publishers, Boulder, CO, USA, 2002.

Dale, Peter. Drugs, Oil and War: The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia and Indochina, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lahman, USA, 2003.

Drexler, Robert W. Colombia and the United States: Narcotics Traffic and a Failed Foreign Policy, Jeffeson, McFarland, USA, 1997.

Grabendorff, Wolf (ed.). La Seguridad Regional en las Américas, Enfoques Críticos y Conceptos Alternativos, Fescol, Bogotá, Colombia, 2003.

Hartlyn, Jonathan, Lars Schoultz and Augusto Varas, (eds.). The United States and Latin America in the 1990's: Beyond the Cold War, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 1992.

Human Rights Watch. The Sixth Division: Military, Paramilitary Ties and US Policy in Colombia, Human Rights Watch, New York, USA, 2001.
Available at (10-5-2005): http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/colombia/6theng.pdf

Human Rights Watch/Americas. Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States, Human Rights Watch, New York, USA, 1996.

Kirk, Robin. More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia, PublicAffairs, New York, USA, 2003.

Leech, Garry M. Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention, Information Network of the Americas, New York, NY, USA, 2002.

Menzel, Sewall H. Fire in the Andes: U. S. Foreign Policy and Cocaine Politics in Bolivia and Peru, Lanham, MD, University Press of America, USA, 1996.

Menzel, Sewall H Implementing U.S. Anti-Drug Policy in the Andes: a Comparative Study of Bolivia, Peru and Colombia, Thesis (PhD.), University of Miami, 1993.

Pike, Frederick B. The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1977.

Randall, Stephen J. Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence, University of Georgia Press, Athens, USA, 1992.

Restrepo, Luis Alberto. Estados Unidos, Potencia y Prepotencia, Tercer Mundo Editores, IEPRI, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia, 1998.

Rojas Aravena, Francisco. La Seguridad en América Latina pos 11 de Septiembre, Nueva Sociedad, FLACSO- Chile, Woodrow Wilson International Center, Caracas, Venezuela, 2003.

Rojas Aravena, Francisco and Paz V. Milet. Seguridad y Defensa en las Américas: La Búsqueda de Nuevos Consensos, FLACSO, Santiago, Chile, 2003.
Available at (1-18-2005): http://www.flacso.cl/flacso/biblos.php?code=570

Ruiz, Bert. The Colombian Civil War, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, North Carolina, USA, October, 2001. También disponible en Español: Estados Unidos y la Guerra en Colombia, Círculo de Lectores/Intermedio, Bogotá, Colombia, Marzo, 2003.

Shifter, Michael, Bob Graham and Brent Scowcroft. Toward Greater Peace and Security in Colombia: Forging a Constructive U.S. Policy, Council of Foreign Relations and the Inter-American Dialog, New York, USA, 2000.

Tavidze, Albert, ed. Andean Regional Initiative, Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA, 2004.

Villagra Delgado, Pedro, Luis Bietancourt and Henry Medina Uribe. Perspectives from Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (July, 2003).
Available at (7-26-2004): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00006.pdf

Other References
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Alsace, Juan. "All Bush's Horses and All Bush's Men: How Far Should the U.S. Go to Put Colombia Back Together Again?," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602a.pdf

Amnistía Internacional, Human Rights Watch, Oficina en Washington para Asuntos Latinoamericanos. "Los Derechos Humanos y la Ayuda Militar Estadounidense," (Agosto, 2000).
Available at (10-15-2003): http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/colombia/doc/plan/ai.html

Antevine, John E. "Americas Command: Promoting Regional Stability in the Western Hemisphere," Army War College, Carlisle, USA (January, 2005).

Arellano Ortiz, Fernando. "Putumayo y Oriente Ecuatoriano, Objetivos Geoestratégicos de EE.UU," Rebelión, (Septiembre 17, 2003).
Available at (1-13-2004): http://www.rebelion.org/plancolombia/030917arellano.htm

Armenta, Amira. "A Look at the U.S. Position on the Demobilisation of Colombia's Paramilitaries," TNI Website, (March 1, 2005).
Available at (5-17-2005): http://www.tni.org/archives/armenta/narcoterrorism.htm

Arnson, Cynthia J. "The Peace Process in Colombia and U.S. Policy," prepared for the conference on Democracy, Human Rights and Peace in Colombia, University of Notre Dame, Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies (March 26, 27, 2001).
Available at (16-8-2006): http://kellogg.nd.edu/events/pdfs/Arnson.pdf

Arnson, Cynthia. "El Salvador and Colombia: Lessons of the Peace Process and U.S. Policy," at the conference: El Salvador: An Assessment of the Implementation of the 1992 Peace Accords, United States Institute for Peace, Washington, DC (December 8, 1999).

Baranyi, Stephen. "Inter-American Institutions and Conflict Prevention," Focal Policy Paper (May, 2004).
Available at (5-14-2005): http://www.focal.ca/pdf/conflict05.pdf

Barry, Tom, "U.S. Southern Command's New Security Strategy ," Americas Program, (July, 2005).
Available at (December 4, 2006): http://americas.irc-online.org/am/665

Barry, Tom. "EEUU-América Latina: Nuevas Prioridades para el Comando Sur," IRC Americas Program Discussion Paper, (Julio 5, 2005).
Available at (2-8-2006): http://americas.irc-online.org/pdf/reports/sp_0507comando.pdf

Bonilla, Adrián. "La Política Estadounidense y el Conflicto Colombiano en la Seguridad del Ecuador," ponencia presentada en Conference on U.S. Security Policy in the Andean Region since 1990, San Diego State University, San Diego (November, 2002).
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Gentleman, Judith A. "The Regional Security Crisis in the Andes: Patterns of State Response," Strategic Studies Institute (July, 2001).
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Graham, Bob and Brent Scowcroft (Co-Chairs), Shifter, Michael (Project Director). "Toward Greater Peace and Security in Colombia: Forging a Constructive U.S. Policy," Report of an Independent Task Force, Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Inter-American Dialogue (2000).
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Haugaard, Lisa, et al. "Blueprint for a New Colombia Policy," Center for International Policy, LAWGEF, CIP, WOLA & USOC, (2005).
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Haugaard, Lisa. "Blunt Instrument: The United States' Punitive Fumigation Program in Colombia," Latin American Working Group, Washington, DC (2002).

Hearne, Dennis. "Backing Down the Gunmen: A Strategic Approach to Reducing FARC's Threat to Colombian Security and U.S. Interests," National Defense University (Fall, 2002).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602b.pdf

Hill, James T. (U.S. General). "Colombia: Key to Security in the Western Hemisphere," Heritage Lecture (June 2, 2003).
Available at (9-23-2004): http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/HL790.cfm

Hirst, Mónica, José Paradiso, Roberto Russell and Juan G. Tokatlian. "La Agenda que nos dejó 11-9," La Nación, (Septiembre 2, 2002).

Isacson, Adam, Joy Olson and Lisa Haugaard. "Blurring the Lines. Trends in U.S. Military Programs with Latin America," Latin America Working Group Education Found - Center for International Policy - Washington Office on Latin America (September, 2004).
Available at (11-1-2004): http://www.wola.org/military/blurringthelinesfinal.pdf

Isacson, Adam and Joy Olson. "Just the Facts 2001-2002: A Quick Tour of U.S. Defense and Security Relations with Latin America and the Caribbean," Center for International Policy, Latin America Working Group, Washington, D.C. (October 2001). Available at (5-12-2005): http://ciponline.org/facts/ipr1101.pdf

Isacson, Adam. "Getting in Deeper: The United States Growing Involvement in Colombia's Conflict," International Policy Report, Center for International Policy, Washington, D.C. (February, 2000).
Available at (7-26-2004): http://www.ciponline.org/coipr/coipr002.pdf

Kaufman Purcell, Susan. "US Foreign Policy Since September 11th and its Impact on Latin America," Paper prepared for the Conference on Globalization and Security, Buenos Aires, Argentina (September 6, 2002).
Available at (11-7-2005): http://www.pentfundacion.org/textos/pdf/PENT_2002-004.pdf

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. "Holding the Line. A Critique of the Department of State's Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices," (September, 2003).
Available at (11-3-2003): http://www.lchr.org/pubs/descriptions/Holdingtheline.pdf

Lindsay-Poland, John. "U.S. Military Bases in Latin America and the Caribbean," IRC Americas Program Policy Brief, Foreign Policy in Focus, 9, 3 (August, 2004). También disponible en Español: "Bases Militares Estadounidenses en América Latina y el Caribe," Foreign Policy in Focus, 9, 3 (Agosto, 2004).
Available in English at (9-10-2004): http://www.americaspolicy.org/briefs/2004/0408latammil.html
Disponible en Español en (9-10-2004): http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol9/v9n03latammil-sp.html

Loaysa, Antonio. "Colombia y Afganistán: Esas Extrañas Coincidencias," (Marzo 10, 2002).
Available at (1-13-2004): http://www.rebelion.org/plancolombia/loaysa100302.htm

Manwaring, Max. "Security in the Americas: Neither Evolution nor Devolution-Impasse," Strategic Studies Institute, (March, 2004).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/PUB372.pdf

Manwaring, Max, Mary Grizzard, and Dennis Rempe. "Building Regional Security Cooperation in the Andean Hemisphere: Issues and Recommendations," derived from the Conference: Building Regional Security Cooperation in the Andean Hemisphere, Miami, Florida (March 2-4, 2003).

Manwaring, Max G. "U.S. Security Policy in the Western Hemisphere: Why Colombia, Why Now, and What Is To Be Done?," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (June, 2001).
Available at (7-26-2004): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00019.pdf

Marcella, Gabriel. "The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (May, 2003).
Available at (7-26-2004): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00007.pdf

Marcella, Gabriel. "War and Peace in the Amazon: Strategic Implications for the United States and Latin America of the 1995 Ecuador-Peru War," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (November, 1995).
Available at (9-8-2003): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00037.pdf

Medina, David Javier. "La Olla Podrida de PDVSA y la Posible Intervención de Norteamérica," Rebelión (Febrero 4, 2003).
Available at (1-18-2006): http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=7

Menzel, Sewall Hamm. "Implementing the U.S. Anti-Drug Policy in the Andes: a Comparative Study of Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia," Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami, USA, (1993).

Montiel T., Fernando. "Estados Unidos y América Latina: Radiografía Geopolítica de la Contienda," Militarización Made in USA.
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Moore, Wendela. "Colombia and U.S. Policy: Seeking a Balance," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602o.pdf

Olson, Joy, Gastón Chillier and Laurie Freeman. "Memo Elaborado a Propósito de la VI Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa," Wola, (Agosto, 2004).
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Orozco Peñaranda, Javier. "Colombia: Autoritarismo y Crisis de los Derechos Humanos."
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Passage, David (Ambassador). "The United States and Colombia: Untying the Gordian Knot," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (March, 2000).
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Pérez, Diego, Andres Dávila, Michael Shifter, Cynthia Arnson, Oscar Vieira, Francisco Filho, Fernando Bustamante, Ana Sanjuán and Carlos Basombrío. "Para Leer la Crisis: Colombia, América Latina y los Estados Unidos," Ideele, 122 (Septiembre-Octubre, 1999).
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Petras, James. "Imperialismo y Resistencia en Latinoamérica," Rebelión, (Noviembre 15, 2003).
Available at (1-14-2004): http://www.rebelion.org/petras/031115petras.htm

Petras, James. "Construcción Imperial y Dominación: EE.UU. e Iberoamérica," Rebelión, (Agosto 6, 2003).
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Phillips, Gregory. "Liberty and Order: Reintegration as Counter-Insurgency in Colombia," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035601n.pdf

Ponce, Gilberto. "Latin America and the United States: Homeland Security thru Regional Stability," Army War College, Carlisle, USA (March, 2005).

Ramotowsky, Eduard. "Colombia: The Strategic Challenge," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602k.pdf

Rempe, Dennis M. "The Past as Prologue? A History of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in Colombia, 1958-66," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (March, 2002).
Available at (7-26-2004): http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pdffiles/00014.pdf

Roberts, Lee. "United States Strategy in Colombia: New Opportunities," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602m.pdf

Rodas Chaves, Germán. "El Plan Colombia: Análisis de una Estrategia Neoliberal," en el seminario: Los Partidos y una Nueva Sociedad, México, DF (Marzo 1-3, 2002).
Available at (16-8-2006): http://www.geocities.com/Eureka/Network/2251/plancolombia2002.htm

Rogers, Daniel. "Colombia and the United States: Providing for their "Common" Defense," National Defense University (October, 2002).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035602c.pdf

Salazar, Robinson. "La Remilitarización de América Latina," Argenpress, (Abril 22, 2003).
Available at (1-13-2004):
Parte 1: http://www.argenpress.info/nota.asp?num=002775
Parte 2: http://www.argenpress.info/nota.asp?num=002774

Schulz, Donald E. "United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future," Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College (March, 2000).
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Stough, Michael. "Tightening the Screws: Restoring Security in Colombia," National Defense University (2003).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n035601j.pdf

Suárez Salazar, Luis. "La Estrategia de Seguridad Imperial de los Estados Unidos: Implicaciones para el Gran Caribe."
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Tickner, Arlene B. "Colombia-Estados Unidos: Alcances y Limitaciones de la Guerra Contra las Drogas y el Terrorismo," in the conference: Colombia: Caminos para Salir de la Violencia, Frankfurt, Germany (June 17-18, 2003).
Available at (5-18-2005): http://cgi.server.uni-frankfurt.de/fb03/helfrich/PDFDateien/Vortraege/VortragATickner.PDF

Tickner, Arlene B. "Local and Regional Effects of the U.S. 'War on Drugs' in Colombia," paper presented at the 2001 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C. (2001).

Urbano Rodrigues, Miguel. "Colombia Amenazada de Vietnamización por el Delirio Bushiano," Rebelión, (Marzo 3, 2003).
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Valderrama, Mariano. "Las Cuestionables Alianzas de los Estados Unidos en el Tema de las Drogas," CEPES, Perú (2001).
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Vaneeckhaute, Hendrik. "Colombia: La otra Guerra de Estados Unidos," Rebelión, (Abril 28, 2003).
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Waggett, Michael. "The United Status National Security Strategy for Colombia: Is Plan Colombia the Right Solution?," National Defense University (2004).
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Witness for Peace. "The Real Cost of Pipeline Protection in Colombia: Corporate Welfare with Deadly Consequences," Witness for Peace Report from Arauca (July, 2002).
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Wynne, Charles. "Colombia: More that Just a Drug Problem," National Defense University (2003).
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Youngers, Coletta. "The U.S. and Latin America After 9-11 and Iraq" Foreign Policy in Focus (June, 2003).
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Youngers, Colleta. "Waging War: U.S. Policy toward Colombia," paper delivered at 1998 LASA Meeting, Chicago, Illinois (September 24-26, 1998).

Ziff, Benjamin. "So Far from God: The Need for Constructive Reengagement with Colombia," National Defense University (2004).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/n4/n045601C.pdf

Documents
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Congressional Testimony

Other Official U.S. Documents

 

Congressional Testimony

U.S. Congress. House. "Posture Statement of General Bantz J. Craddock, United States Army Commander, U.S. SOUTHCOM, Before the 109th Congress House Armed Services Committee," Washington, D.C., (March 14, 2006).
Available at (3-20-2006): http://usregsec.sdsu.edu/docs/southcom2006posture.pdf

U.S. Congress. House. "Posture Statement of General Bantz J. Craddock, United States Army Commander, U.S. SOUTHCOM, Before the 109th Congress House Armed Services Committee," Washington, D.C., (March 9, 2005).
Available at (04/29/05): http://www.house.gov/hasc/testimony/109thcongress/FY06%20Budget%20Misc/Southcom3-9-05.pdf

U.S. Congress. House. "Written Statement of General James T. Hill, United States Army Commander, United States Southern Command," Committee on Government Reform, Washington, D.C., (June 17, 2004).
Available at (9-9-2004): http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/SOUTHCOM%20-%20General%20Hill%20Testimony.pdf

US Congress. House. "US Policy in the Western Hemisphere," Testimony of Curt J. Struble, Acting Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Western Hemispheric Affairs, Department of State, before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Committee of International Relations, Washington, DC, USA (February 27, 2003).
Available at (2-15-2006): http://wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/108/stru0227.htm

U.S. Congress. House. "U.S. Policy Toward Colombia," hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemishpere of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 107th Congress, 2nd session, Washington, D.C. (April 11, 2002).
Available at (8-27-2003): http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa78682.000/hfa78682_0.htm

U.S. Congress. House. "U.S. Assistance to Colombia and the Andean Region," Testimony of Otto J. Reich, Assistant Secretary or Western Hemisphere Affairs, before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., (April 11, 2002).
Available at (8-27-2003): http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/rm/9264.htm

U.S. Congress. House. "Testimony on U.S. Assistance to Colombia and the Andean Region," Testimony of Marc Grossman, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, before the House Appropriations Committee's Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Washington, D.C., (April 10, 2002).
Available at (8-27-2003): http://www.state.gov/p/9250.htm

U.S. Congress. Senate. "DEA Congressional Testimony," Testimony of Asa Hutchinson, Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, before the Caucus on International Narcotics Control, Washington D.C., (September 17, 2002).
Available at (4-1-2005):
http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct091702p.html

US Congress. Senate. "International Narcotics Caucus," Testimony of Paul Simons, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcements Affairs, Washington, DC, USA (June 3, 2003).
Available at (2-15-2006): http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/030603simo.htm

U.S. Congress. Senate."Andean Regional Initiative," Testimony of Rand Beers, Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, before the Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Washington, D.C., (July 11, 2001).
Available at (16-8-2006): http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/2001/jun_aug/4054.htm

U.S. Congress. Senate. "Andean Regional Initiative," Testimony of Michael Deal, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Carribean at the U.S. Agency for International Development, before the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Washington, D.C., (July 11, 2001).
Available at (4-1-2005):
http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/rm/2001/4394.htm

Other Official U.S. Documents

Congressional Research Service. "Venezuela: Political Conditions and US Policy," Mark P. Sullivan (August 24, 2005).
Available at (16-8-2006): http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32488.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) and Related Funding Programs: FY 2005 Assistance," by Connie Veillette (May 10, 2005).
Available at (3-20-2006): http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/050510crs.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Latin America: Terrorism Issues," by Mark P. Sullivan (March 29, 2005).
Available at (9-26-2005): http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/45192.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "US Military Operations in the Global War on Terrorism: Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines and Colombia," by Andrew Feickert (February 4, 2005).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL3275802042005.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Colombia: Issues for Congress," by Connie Veillette (January, 2005).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32250.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Latin America: Terrorist Issues," by Mark P. Sullivan (January 14, 2005).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/docs/crs/crs_rs21049_14jan05.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) and Related Funding Programs: FY2005 Assistance," by Connie Veillette. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., (December 9, 2004).
Available at (4-1-2005):
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32337.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2003 Supplemental and FY2004 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors," by K. Larry Storrs and Connie Veillette. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., (August 27, 2003).
Available at (11-2-2004): http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/24044.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Colombia: Summary and Tables on US Assistance, FY1989-FY2004," by Nina M. Serafino (May 19, 2003).
Available at (5-23-2005): http://www.ndu.edu/library/docs/crs/crs_rs21213_19may03.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Supplemental and FY2003 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors," by K. Larry Storrs and Nina M. Serafino. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., (June 12, 2002).
Available at (4-1-2005):
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/11276.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Andean Regional Initiative (ARI): FY2002 Assistance for Colombia and Neighbors," by K. Larry Storrs and Nina M. Serafino. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., (October 31, 2001).
Available at (4-1-2005):
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6566.pdf

Congressional Research Service. "Colombia: Conditions and U.S. Policy Options," by Nina M. Serafino, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., (February 12, 2001).
Available at (10-10-2005): http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6573.pdf

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